Mulberry Fruit – Therapeutic and Industrial Values
ABSTRACT
The host plant under the genus Morus is highly considered for rearing of silkworm. Apart from the rearing, the mulberry plant can be utilized in many valuable purposes. Among the plant parts, the mulberry fruit is highly nutritious. Mulberry fruits can be made available in the form fresh and processed food. Mulberry fruits or mulberry extracts possess plant-based compounds that could possibly prevent cancer, diabetes, heart disease, along with other serious medical conditions. The berries are utilized for treating to cure many health issues and industrial purposes. The pigments extracted from the fruits are very demanding in the cosmetic and textile industry. There may be therapeutic applications for varieties that contain high essential elements, which could boost the potential for manufacturing and employing in the years to come.	

Key words: Morus spp.; nutritional value; cosmetic; industrial value; medicinal properties. 
1. INTRODUCTION
The mulberry tree (Morus spp.) is a robust, fast-growing deciduous plant widely known for its importance in sericulture, as its leaves serve as the primary nourishment for the silkworm (Bombyx mori). Originating in Asia and now cultivated globally, notable species like Morus alba (white mulberry), Morus nigra (black mulberry), and Morus rubra (red mulberry) are valued not only for their foliage but also for their fruit, which holds significant Industrial and therapeutic promise [1]. All the varieties of the mulberry plant have the several pharmacological properties [2]. In India, it is commonly referred to as ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ due to its wide range of uses [3].
Mulberry fruits are compound berries with a pleasant balance of tartness and sweetness, consumed both fresh and in processed forms [4]. Fresh mulberry fruits contain carbohydrate, which exist as simple sugars or in the form of starch, and both soluble and insoluble fibers [3,5]. This fruits have a low content of calorie and are rich in water. They are particularly abundant iron, vitamin C and also a good amount of potassium, vitamin E and K.
The mulberry fruit is a rare and valuable dessert fruit. The full-bodied flavour of this fruit is a good balance of sweet in taste with full of antioxidant, anti-mutagen and anti-obesity nutritional properties of vital importance for human metabolism. Additionally, it helps in the treatment of disorders like cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, diarrhea, and intestinal ulcers [6]. Fruits may help regulate blood sugar levels, reduce blood cholesterol, and aid in prevention of fatty liver disease. They are also known to alleviate oxidative stress thereby lowering the risk of cancer. These fruits are abundant in health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, and essential vitamins. They have been traditionally used to alleviate ailments such as anaemia, fatigue, hypertension, and diabetes. Recent scientific investigations have confirmed several of these traditional uses, attributing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and blood sugar-lowering properties to the fruit.
It opens up new possibilities for the industrial exploitation of mulberry fruits worldwide. Since the sericulture industry solely utilizes mulberry leaves for the rearing, this usage of the mulberry has been neglected. The numerous health benefits of mulberry fruits include high mineral content. 
From an industrial perspective, mulberry fruits are used in the preparation of jams, jelly, pulp, fruit drink, syrups, fruit sauce, cake, fruit tea, fruit powder, food colorant, cooling beverages, vinegar and wines [7]. Their vivid natural pigments are increasingly sought after in cosmetic formulations and textile dyeing as eco-friendly, plant-based alternatives. In light of growing interest in natural health products and sustainable industrial inputs, mulberry fruits present themselves as a highly versatile and valuable resource.
Table 1. Nutritional composition of mulberry fruits of Morus species [1]
Physiochemical Properties	Morus alba	Morus nigra	Morus rubra	Reference	
Moisture (%)	71.50	72.60	74.60	[8,9]	
Protein (g−1100 g DW)	1.55	0.96	1.20	[10]	
Fat (%)	1.10	0.95	0.85	[8]	
Fiber g−1100 g	1.47	11.75	–	[9]	
Ash (g−1100 g)	0.57	0.50	2.45	[9]	
Total dry weight	29.50	27.00	24.40	[8]	
Ascorbic acid mg−1100 g	22.40	21.80	19.40	[8]	
Total acidity (%)	0.25	1.40	1.37	[8]	
pH	5.60	3.52	4.04	[8,10]	
Calcium (mg−1100 g)	152	132	132	[8]	
Mg (mg−1100 g)	106	106	115	[8]	
K (mg−1100 g)	1668	922	834	[8]	
Fe (mg−1100 g)	4.20	4.20	4.50	[8]	
Nitrogen (%)	0.75	0.92	0.82	[8]	
FRAP (µmol TE−1g fw)	4.49	12.90	6.40	[11]	
Total phenolics (mg QE−1100 g fresh mass)	181	1422	1035	[8]	
Total flavonoids (mg QE−1100 g fresh mass	29	276	219	[8]	
Total anthocyanins content C3G µg−1g frozen weight	911.8	719	109	[12]	
Total antioxidant capacity (mol TE g−1fw)	4.494	13.999	5.497	[11]	
Malic acid (g 100 g−1fw)	3.095	1.323	4.467	[11]	
Succinic acid (g 100 g−1fw)	0.168	0.342	0.132	[11]	
Citric acid (g 100 g−1fw)	0.393	1.084	0.762	[11]	
Total organic acid (g 100 g−1fw)	3.983	2.951	5.812	[11]	
Total soluble solids (%)	7.27	11.60	19.20	[13]	
Fructose (g 100 g−1fw)	6.26	5.63	5.40	[11]	
Glucose (g 100 g−1fw)	6.86	7.74	6.06	[11]	
Hunter L*	78.40	14.30	27.30	[8]	
Hunter a*	−13.60	7.02	8.55	[8]	
Hunter b*	16.20	1.72	2.02	[8]	

2. PHARMACEUTICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE OF MULBERRY FRUITS
2.1 Antioxidant Activity

The genus Morus is known to have an abundance of flavonoids, including as rutin, isoquercitin, and quercetin 3-(-malonylglucoside) [14]. Bioactive compounds like Vitamin A and E, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds highly rich in mulberry fruits. These bioactive antioxidant compounds have the capacity to protect cells from oxidative damage, premature skin aging [15] and diminish the visibility of imperfections. Mulberry extracts can improve the overall wellness of the skin and minimize the damage to DNA related to skin cancer [16].

2.2 Anticancer Activity
Cancer is believed to be one of the fatal diseases prevailing globally. Extracts from M. alba and M. nigra fruits are effective against various cancer types, including breast, liver, colon, and cervical cancers. Additionally, their antioxidant activity helps reduce oxidative stress, a key contributor to cancer development, making mulberry fruits a potential natural therapeutic agent in cancer prevention and treatment. The anticancer effect of black mulberry of fresh and dried fruits slows down the activity of MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cells and it results the cell death of infected cells and causes morphological changes in cytoplasmic membranes [17]. It converts DNA into single strand which results to decrease the level of mitotic activities in the cell which results the good pharmacological functions. ‘Tuti Aswad or Toot Aswad’ is one of the most important anti-cancerous properties which is found in M. nigra fruits [2]. 
2.3 Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease [18] which particularly creates mental debilitates, loss of memory and other cognitive abilities. Mulberry fruits, especially M. alba are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and resveratrol. In Alzheimer's, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation contribute to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neuronal damage [19].  Amyloid beta peptide found in mulberry fruits helps prevent neurotoxicity and fibril formation [20]. Mulberry fruit extracts have shown the ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation [21], reduce oxidative stress, and suppress the activation of microglial cells that mediate inflammation in the brain. Additionally, mulberry compounds may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thereby improving memory and cognitive function [22]. Mulberry fruit is being explored as a potential natural therapeutic agent or complementary treatment in managing and slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease [21].

2.4 Anti-microbial Properties
Anti-microbial Property of mulberry fruit is well known due to rich content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. These compounds inhibit the growth of various bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella species, as well as fungi like Candida albicans. Morin an anti-bacterial compound present in M. alba exhibits strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans [3].
2.5 Anti-Inflammatory
The presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi in certain tissues or circulating in blood stream can trigger a complex vascular and biological reaction known as inflammation. Mulberry fruits exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties [23] due to rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanin and polyphenols. Fruits of mulberry contain other essential fatty acids like palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids which are also important for inflammatory responses [3]. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3- rutinoside (C3R) exert an anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine in xylene-induced ear edema and carrageen an-induced paw edema in mice [24].
2.6 Anti-diabetic Properties
Mulberry fruits notably (M. alba) have shown an outstanding antidiabetic activity due to the significantly high antioxidants such as phenolic and flavonoid content, which leads to the regulation of glucose level as a result of the inhibition activity of α-glucosidase activity and increased in glucose uptake [25]. Mulberry fruits extracts are effective in lowering fasting blood glucose levels and reversing insulin-resistant mechanisms in diabetic rodents [26]. The mulberry fruit as anti-hyperglycemic as well as anti-hyper lipidemic effects, thus clearly indicating the potential of mulberry fruits to treat diabetes [27,25,28].
2.7 Anti-Obesity Properties
Regulating body fat levels depends on the equilibrium between lipolysis (the breakdown of fat) and lipogenesis (the production of fat). Mulberry fruit extract lowered body weight, fasting glucose level, and insulin synergistically with mulberry leaf extract. At elevated doses, the combined effect of both the fruit and leaf extracts raised the glucose levels while reduction in the protein levels of manganese superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide synthase, and chemotactic protein-CRP (C-reactive protein), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 [29]. Mulberry wastes as fruits, a new UK fruit juice company “Fair Juice” launched a super fruit drink from mulberry fruits as a source of Mulberry and its waste utilization an important socio-economic status in sericulture resveratrol beneficial to heart health and anti-obesic juice [30].
2.8 Anti-melanogenic (skin- whitening) activity
The activity of tyrosinase leads to unusual melanin production known as hyperpigmentation, which is a significant issue related to the skin [31]. The mulberry fruits exhibit the greatest ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity. It was noted that there is a high level of cyanidine-3-glucoside (C3G) present, measuring at 13.28 mg/g. Consequently, the mulberry fruits offer significant potential for the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme due to their anthocyanin content which is crucial for the management of skin disorders [32,33].
Table 2. Mulberry utilization in the world [34]

Country	Mulberry utilization	
	Mulberry cultivation area
(x1000ha)	
Sericulture	
Fruit	Forage/animal feeding	Other uses	
Egypt and
Tunisia	NA	√	√			
Ethiopia	NA	√				
Kenya	NA	√		√		
Madagascar	NA	√				
Tanzania	NA			√		
Argentina and
Bolivia	NA				√1	
Brazil	38	√		√		
Colombia	NA	√		√		
CostaRica	NA			√		
Cuba	<1			√		
Dominican
Rep.	<1			√		
El Salvador	<1			√		
Guatemala	NA			√		
Hondurasand
Panama	<1			√		
Mexico	<1	√	√	√	√1	
Panama	<1			√		
Peru	NA				√1	
SaintVincent	<1			√		
United States	NA				√1	
Afghanistan	NA			√		
China	626	√			√2	
India	280	√		√	√3	
Indonesia	NA	√				
Japan	NA	√	√	√	√2	
Korea	NA	√		√		
Kyrgyzstan	NA	√	√			
Malaysia	NA	√				
Pakistan	NA	√		√		
Philippines	NA	√				
Syrian Arab Republic and
Turkey	NA		√			
Tajikistan	NA	√				
Turkmenistan	NA	√	√			
Viet Nam	NA	√		√		
Uzbekistan	NA	√				
Bulgaria	NA				√	
France	NA			√	√1	
Greece	NA				√1	
Italy	NA				√1	
Poland	NA				√1	
Spain	NA				√2	

FIGURE 1. Fruit yield of elite mulberry cultivars [35]

3. INDUSTRIAL VALUES OF MULBERRY FRUITS
Fruits from mulberry plants can be utilized directly in the making of jam and beverages [36]. Fresh mulberry fruits are considered very beneficial for human health as they are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various minerals, including zinc, calcium, manganese, and iron, in addition to pectin and fibrin. Mulberry fruit, which has high sugar content, is considered to be a valuable ingredient as it can be utilised for the preparation of breads, cakes, fruit beverage pulp, fruit wine, fruit sauce, fruit powder, and chocolate as well [3]. Mulberry fruits, whether fresh, dried, or frozen, can be used to create a variety of products such as tonic, wine, syrups, and amaretto. Unripened and undeveloped mulberry fruits may be utilized for the making of chutney. The well-known Turkish dishes ‘Kome’ and ‘Pestil’ are made by combining walnuts, honey, and flour with mulberries [8,37]. Mulberry juice stored in cold conditions at a specific temperature for a duration of six months to one year has been shown to be beneficial for maintaining healthy skin and in the prevention of throat infections [6]. Mulberry paste, commonly referred to as 'sangshengao,' is utilized for tea preparation in China [38]. Iranians use dried mulberries as a natural sweetener for black tea [39]. Mulberry syrup and processed mulberry products are commonly consumed in Vietnam [40]. Mulberry wine is a popular women beverage in Europe [41]. Additionally, it is recognized for its positive effects on enhancing liver and kidney function, as well as improving vision and hearing. The use of dried mulberry fruit as a sweetener in black tea is highly favoured by the people of Iran. Anthocyanin derived from M. rubra is utilized for colouring yogurt and is indistinguishable from yogurt flavoured with strawberries [3]. Extract from M. alba may be used in the preparation of pastries in combination with buckwheat flour, buckwheat hulls, chokeberry, and inulin. Methanolic extraction of the mulberry plant can help extend the shelf life of minced meat.
Mulberry genus Morus, especially M.alba and M. nigra, has become prominent in the cosmetic industry because it contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, resveratrol, and essential vitamins like C and E. Numerous Asian countries, various parts of M. alba - including its leaves, fruits, root bark, and branches - are generally utilized as ingredients in cosmetic products [42,43]. An emulsion-based cream containing the ethanolic extract of Morus alba fruit was developed to assess its effect on skin melanin levels, erythema, and moisture over an eight-week period. The study showed that the cream effectively reduced melanin content without inducing any skin irritation [44]. Mulberry extract is widely used for its tyrosinase-inhibitory activity, which helps to reduce melanin synthesis and lighten hyper pigmentation.  Mulberroside F (moracin M-6, 3′-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside), a key active compound, has the ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity and suppress melanin production in melan-a cells. It also showed superoxide scavenging properties, which contribute to protection against auto-oxidation [45,46], indicating the potential of M. alba as an ingredient in skin-lightening cosmetic products. The ethanolic extract of M. Nigra demonstrates strong tyrosinase inhibition activity and can be used in the formulation of peel-off mask as well as for acne treatment [47,48].

4. CONCLUSION
The primary challenge to using mulberry fruit to create byproducts is a lack of standard and practical awareness. Mulberry fruits need to be processed or preserved to extend their shelf life because they are extremely perishable. Another significant gap that has to be filled is the lack of research on the topic as an alternate limitation for transforming mulberry wastes into byproducts. This would enable the sericulture farmers to produce supplementary income, which might improve their financial position.
DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
All authors declare that NO generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT, COPILOT etc. and text to image generators have been used the manuscript preparation. There is no any financial support availed by all the authors.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
P. P Tamuly led the conceptualization and coordination of the review, contributed to the literature search, and drafted the initial manuscript. Th. A. Singha, C. Gogoi, S. Gopalakrishna and B. Kaushiki contributed to the literature search, data organization, and writing of key sections. D. Gogoi, N. Borah, A. Kakoty, M. Marak and D.J. Hazarika assisted with the structuring of the review and contributed to the revision process and finally made the draft. All authors checked and approved the final version of the manuscript.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
             There is no conflict of interest among the authors.
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